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Advanced Polymer Synthesis: Polymerization Mechanisms and Industrial Applications

 Polymer synthesis represents one of the most significant achievements in modern chemistry, fundamentally transforming materials science and industrial manufacturing. Advanced polymerization mechanisms enable the creation of materials with precisely controlled properties, from high-performance engineering plastics to biodegradable polymers. This comprehensive article explores the fundamental principles, technical specifications, industrial applications, and future directions of advanced polymer synthesis technologies. Fundamentals of Polymerization Mechanisms Polymerization occurs through several distinct mechanisms, each offering unique advantages for specific applications. The two primary categories include addition polymerization and condensation polymerization, with numerous subcategories that enable fine-tuning of polymer properties. Addition polymerization involves the sequential addition of monomers to growing polymer chains without the release of small molecules. This mecha...
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1,2,3-Triazole β-lactam conjugates as antimicrobial agents

A convenient and efficient synthesis of new triazole β-lactam conjugates using click chemistry is described. β-lactam 15 and 16 were prepared using cycloaddition strategy and propargylated at N -1 to afford compounds 17 and 18 . Cu-catalyzed click reaction of these β-lactams 17 and 18 with different aryl azides provided 1,2,3-triazole conjugates 6 and 7 , respectively. The products were fully characterized spectroscopically and tested against Gram-(+) and Gram-(-) bacteria. Compound 7a and 7c were found to be most active. Pharmaceutical chemistry /Microbiology /Triazole /Beta-lactam /Conjugates / Antibacterial assay Heliyon. 2020 Jun 27;6(6):e04241.doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04241. eCollection 2020 Jun. Read more at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020310859
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The scientific method is a systematic and logical approach to understanding the natural world through empirical observation, experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses and theories. The scientific method is a step-by-step approach in studying natural phenomena and establishing laws which govern these phenomena. Any scientific method involves the following general features. (i) Systematic observation (ii) Controlled experimentation (iii) Qualitative and quantitative reasoning (iv) Mathematical modeling (v) Prediction and verification or falsification of theories (i) Systematic observation: Scientific inquiry begins with careful and methodical observation of natural phenomena. This involves gathering data through various means, such as direct observation, measurement, or using specialized instruments, to collect qualitative and quantitative information about the phenomenon under study. (ii) Controlled experimentation: After making observations, scientists design and c...
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Engineering Chemistry

 # Engineering Chemistry ## Unit I: Atomic and Molecular Structure & Advanced Materials (8 Lectures) ### A. Molecular Orbitals 1. Molecular Orbital Theory    - Postulates and principles    - LCAO (Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals)    - Bonding and antibonding orbitals    - Bond order calculation    - Magnetic properties 2. Applications to Molecules    - Homonuclear diatomic molecules    - Heteronuclear diatomic molecules    - Electronic configurations and properties ### B. Chemistry of Advanced Materials 1. Liquid Crystals    - Classification (Thermotropic, Lyotropic)    - Properties and characteristics    - Types (Nematic, Smectic, Cholesteric)    - Industrial applications    - Liquid crystal polymers and elastomers 2. Graphite and Fullerene    - Structure and properties    - Applications    - Carbon nanotubes (CNT...
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